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1 effect of temperature difference
- effect of temperature difference
- n
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > effect of temperature difference
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2 effect of temperature difference
Строительство: влияние разности температурУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > effect of temperature difference
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3 effect of temperature difference
Англо-русский строительный словарь > effect of temperature difference
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4 effect
- effect
- nдействие, воздействие, эффект; влияние; следствие, результат; производительность
- effects of age
- effects of earthquake
- effect of end conditions
- effect of moisture changes
- effect of restraint
- effect of support settlement
- effect of temperature
- effect of temperature difference
- adverse effect
- adverse health effects
- backwater effect
- Bauschinger effect
- borehole effect
- boundary effect
- ceiling effect
- chimney effect
- climate effect
- Coanda effect
- combined effect
- combined effects of settlement and creep
- dehumidifying effect
- detrimental effect
- earthquake effect
- edge effect
- elevator effect
- environment effects on construction productivity
- fly ash effect on concrete properties
- frost effect
- greenhouse effect
- humidifying effect
- inertia effects
- insulating effect
- long-term effects
- microsilica effect on concrete properties
- mottle effect
- negative effect
- notch effect
- principle effect of the admixture
- radiation effects
- scale effect
- seasonal effect
- sensible cooling effect
- silo effect
- stack effect
- stiffening effect
- stiffening effects of floors
- sun effect
- thermal effect of building materials
- thermal effect of ceiling height
- thermal effect of roof types
- thermal effect of windows
- time-dependent effect
- total cooling effect
- weather effects on use of bond breaker
- wobble effect
- zero curtain effect
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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5 effect
1) эффект; явление2) влияние, действие, воздействие3) результат, следствие4) мн. ч.; юр. имущество, собственность5) воздействовать; производить; осуществлять; исполнять•- effect of end conditions - effect of loading - effect of restraint - admixture effect - adsorption effect - adverse effect - biological effect - bursting effect - chimney effect - cleaning effect - corrosive effect - damage effect - destructive effect - detrimental effect - dissipative effect - distributive effect - edge effect - end effect - heat effect - ill effect - illuminating effect - immediate effect - impact effect - indirect effect - luminous effect - notch effect - out-of-balance effect - overturning effect on the dam - poisonous effect - sagging effect - scale effect - screening effect - shaded effects - shattering effect - shielding effect - slagging effect - spading effect - stiffening effect - stiffening effect of cladding - strength-reduction effect - stress-rising effect - suction effect - time effect - toxic effect - unfavourable effect - useful effect* * *действие, воздействие, эффект; влияние; следствие, результат; производительность- effects of age
- effects of earthquake
- effect of end conditions
- effect of moisture changes
- effect of restraint
- effect of support settlement
- effect of temperature
- effect of temperature difference
- adverse effect
- adverse health effects
- backwater effect
- Bauschinger effect
- borehole effect
- boundary effect
- ceiling effect
- chimney effect
- climate effect
- Coanda effect
- combined effect
- combined effects of settlement and creep
- dehumidifying effect
- detrimental effect
- earthquake effect
- edge effect
- elevator effect
- environment effects on construction productivity
- fly ash effect on concrete properties
- frost effect
- greenhouse effect
- humidifying effect
- inertia effects
- insulating effect
- long-term effects
- microsilica effect on concrete properties
- mottle effect
- negative effect
- notch effect
- principle effect of the admixture
- radiation effects
- scale effect
- seasonal effect
- sensible cooling effect
- silo effect
- stack effect
- stiffening effect
- stiffening effects of floors
- sun effect
- thermal effect of building materials
- thermal effect of ceiling height
- thermal effect of roof types
- thermal effect of windows
- time-dependent effect
- total cooling effect
- weather effects on use of bond breaker
- wobble effect
- zero curtain effect -
6 electric arc phenomenon
явление электрической дуги
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[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
Electric arc phenomenon
The electric arc is a phenomenon which takes place as a consequence of a discharge which occurs when the voltage between two points exceeds the insulating strength limit of the interposed gas; then, in the presence of suitable conditions, a plasma is generated which carries the electric current till the opening of the protective device on the supply side.
Gases, which are good insulating means under normal conditions, may become current conductors in consequence of a change in their chemical-physical properties due to a temperature rise or to other external factors.
To understand how an electrical arc originates, reference can be made to what happens when a circuit opens or closes.
During the opening phase of an electric circuit the contacts of the protective device start to separate thus offering to the current a gradually decreasing section; therefore the current meets growing resistance with a consequent rise in the temperature.
As soon as the contacts start to separate, the voltage applied to the circuit exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, causing its perforation through a discharge.
The high temperature causes the ionization of the surrounding air which keeps the current circulating in the form of electrical arc. Besides thermal ionization, there is also an electron emission from the cathode due to the thermionic effect; the ions formed in the gas due to the very high temperature are accelerated by the electric field, strike the cathode, release energy in the collision thus causing a localized heating which generates electron emission.
The electrical arc lasts till the voltage at its ends supplies the energy sufficient to compensate for the quantity of heat dissipated and to maintain the suitable conditions of temperature. If the arc is elongated and cooled, the conditions necessary for its maintenance lack and it extinguishes.
Analogously, an arc can originate also as a consequence of a short-circuit between phases. A short-circuit is a low impedance connection between two conductors at different voltages.
The conducting element which constitutes the low impedance connection (e.g. a metallic tool forgotten on the busbars inside the enclosure, a wrong wiring or a body of an animal entered inside the enclosure), subject to the difference of potential is passed through by a current of generally high value, depending on the characteristics of the circuit.
The flow of the high fault current causes the overheating of the cables or of the circuit busbars, up to the melting of the conductors of lower section; as soon as the conductor melts, analogous conditions to those present during the circuit opening arise. At that point an arc starts which lasts either till the protective devices intervene or till the conditions necessary for its stability subsist.
The electric arc is characterized by an intense ionization of the gaseous means, by reduced drops of the anodic and cathodic voltage (10 V and 40 V respectively), by high or very high current density in the middle of the column (of the order of 102-103 up to 107 A/cm2), by very high temperatures (thousands of °C) always in the middle of the current column and – in low voltage - by a distance between the ends variable from some microns to some centimeters.
[ABB]Явление электрической дуги
Электрическая дуга между двумя электродами в газе представляет собой физическое явление, возникающее в тот момент, когда напряжения между двумя электродами превышает значение электрической прочности изоляции данного газа.
При наличии подходящих условий образуется плазма, по которой протекает электрический ток. Ток будет протекать до тех пор, пока на стороне электропитания не сработает защитное устройство.
Газы, являющиеся хорошим изолятором, при нормальных условиях, могут стать проводником в результате изменения их физико-химических свойств, которые могут произойти вследствие увеличения температуры или в результате воздействия каких-либо иных внешних факторов.
Для того чтобы понять механизм возникновения электрической дуги, следует рассмотреть, что происходит при размыкании или замыкании электрической цепи.
При размыкании электрической цепи контакты защитного устройства начинают расходиться, в результате чего постепенно уменьшается сечение контактной поверхности, через которую протекает ток.
Сопротивление электрической цепи возрастает, что приводит к увеличению температуры.
Как только контакты начнут отходить один от другого, приложенное напряжение превысит электрическую прочность воздуха, что вызовет электрический пробой.
Высокая температура приведет к ионизации воздуха, которая обеспечит протекание электрического тока по проводнику, представляющему собой электрическую дугу. Кроме термической ионизации молекул воздуха происходит также эмиссия электронов с катода, вызванная термоэлектронным эффектом. Образующиеся под воздействием очень высокой температуры ионы ускоряются в электрическом поле и бомбардируют катод. Высвобождающаяся, в результате столкновения энергия, вызывает локальный нагрев, который, в свою очередь, приводит к эмиссии электронов.
Электрическая дуга длится до тех пор, пока напряжение на ее концах обеспечивает поступление энергии, достаточной для компенсации выделяющегося тепла и для сохранения условий поддержания высокой температуры. Если дуга вытягивается и охлаждается, то условия, необходимые для ее поддержания, исчезают и дуга гаснет.
Аналогичным образом возникает дуга в результате короткого замыкания электрической цепи. Короткое замыкание представляет собой низкоомное соединение двух проводников, находящихся под разными потенциалами.
Проводящий элемент с малым сопротивлением, например, металлический инструмент, забытый на шинах внутри комплектного устройства, ошибка в электромонтаже или тело животного, случайно попавшего в комплектное устройство, может соединить элементы, находящиеся под разными потенциалами, в результате чего через низкоомное соединение потечет электрический ток, значение которого определяется параметрами образовавшейся короткозамкнутой цепи.
Протекание большого тока короткого замыкания вызывает перегрев кабелей или шин, который может привести к расплавлению проводников с меньшим сечением. Как только проводник расплавится, возникает ситуация, аналогичная размыканию электрической цепи. Т. е. в момент размыкания возникает дуга, которая длится либо до срабатывания защитного устройства, либо до тех пор, пока существуют условия, обеспечивающие её стабильность.
Электрическая дуга характеризуется интенсивной ионизацией газов, что приводит к падению анодного и катодного напряжений (на 10 и 40 В соответственно), высокой или очень высокой плотностью тока в середине плазменного шнура (от 102-103 до 107 А/см2), очень высокой температурой (сотни градусов Цельсия) всегда в середине плазменного шнура и низкому падению напряжения при расстоянии между концами дуги от нескольких микрон до нескольких сантиметров.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > electric arc phenomenon
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7 detector
1) обнаружитель2) детектор; демодулятор•- acquisition and tracking detector
- activation detector
- active bubble detector
- air pollution detector
- amplifying semiconductor detector
- amplitude detector
- amplitude-sensitive area detector
- analog detector
- anode detector
- anode-bend detector
- average detector
- badge -detector
- balance detector
- balanced detector
- baseband detector
- beat-note detector
- boron-coated semiconductor detector
- boxcar detector
- break-in detector
- bridge detector
- broad-band detector
- bubble detector
- bubble stretching detector
- capacitance-operated intrusion detector
- Cerenkov detector
- charge detector
- charge emission detector
- chevron expander detector
- Chinese letter bubble detector
- cloud-height detector
- coherent detector
- coincidence detector
- color phase detector
- compensated semiconductor detector
- contact detector
- correlation detector
- crack detector
- cross-correlation detector
- cross-tie/Bloch-llne detector
- crystal detector
- crystal conduction detector
- current-leak detector
- difference detector
- differential dE/dx semiconductor detector
- differential null detector
- diffused junction semiconductor detector
- diode detector
- Doppler detector
- double-tuned detector
- driving-point impedance detector
- dropout detector
- edge detector
- electrode cable detector
- electrolytic detector
- electromagnetic crack detector
- enhancement/thresholding edge detector
- envelope detector
- error detector
- feature detector
- fine tracking detector
- first detector
- flaw detector
- fluorescent radiation detector
- flux transition detector
- FM detector
- Foster-Seeley detector
- frequency detector
- frequency-difference detector
- galvanomagnetic bubble detector
- gamma-ray detector
- gas detector
- gas flow radiation detector
- gate detector
- gated-beam tube detector
- gated optical detector
- glass detector
- glow discharge detector
- go-no-go detector
- grid detector
- grid-leak detector
- ground detector
- heat detector
- heterodyne detector
- high-level detector
- hot-carrier detector
- hot-electron detector
- humidity detector
- inductive loop bubble detector
- infinite-impedance detector
- infrared detector
- infrared heterodyne detector
- in-phase detector
- input detector
- in-range frequency detector
- interference detector
- interfinger detector
- internal gas detector
- intruder detector
- ionization detector
- Josephson-effect detector
- klystron detector
- large-signal detector
- laser radiation detector
- leak detector
- light detector
- light-sensitive detector
- linear detector
- liquid-crystal area detector
- liquid-evaporation light detector
- lithium-coated semiconductor detector
- lithium-drifted semiconductor detector
- locked-oscillator detector
- low-level detector
- magnetic airborne detector
- magnetic-bubble detector
- magnetic flaw detector
- magnetic tunable detector
- magnetooptical bubble detector
- magnetoresistive bubble detector
- magnetostrictive-piezoelectric bubble detector
- maser detector
- mask edge detector
- maximum-likelihood detector
- metal detector
- microwave detector
- middle-infrared detector
- missing-pulse detector
- mixer detector
- mixer-first detector
- mosaic detector
- movement detector
- moving-target detector
- moving-window detector
- narrow-band detector
- narrow-field -detector
- nonlinear detector
- null detector
- null-point detector
- optical detector
- optical heterodyne detector
- oscillator-mixer-first detector
- parallel diode detector
- passive bubble detector
- peak detector
- PEM detector
- phase detector
- phase-discriminating detector
- phase-frequency detector
- phase-lock detector
- phase-sensitive detector
- photoconductive detector
- photodielectric detector
- photoelectric detector
- photoelectromagnetic detector
- photoemissive detector
- photoluminescence detector
- photon detector
- photoparametric detector
- photovoltaic detector
- pitch detector
- plate detector
- plate -circuit detector
- pneumatic detector
- position-sensitive detector
- power detector
- presence detector
- primary detector
- proximity detector
- pulse detector
- push-pull detector
- pyroelectric detector
- quadrature detector
- quadrature-grid FM detector
- quasi-peak detector
- radiac detector
- radiation detector
- radio-frequency metal detector
- radiometric detector
- ratio detector
- recycling detector
- regenerative detector
- remote detector
- resistance temperature detector
- resistance thermal detector
- resistance thermometer detector
- ringing detector
- rms detector
- root-mean-square detector
- sampling phase detector
- sawtooth phase detector
- scintillation detector
- second detector
- secondary emission detector
- seismic detector
- selective detector
- self-powered neutron detector
- self-quenched detector
- self-quenching detector
- semiconductor detector
- serpentine bubble detector
- sign detector
- signal detector
- signal quality detector
- silence detector
- slope detector
- small-signal detector
- smoke detector
- solid-state detector
- spark detector
- speech detector
- spread-spectrum detector
- square-law detector
- standing-wave detector
- superconducting magnetic flux detector
- superregenerative detector
- suppressed-carrier signal detector
- surface-barrier semiconductor detector
- switch detector
- synchronous detector
- thallium-activated sodium iodide detector
- thermal detector
- thermal-type infrared detector
- thermionic detector
- thermoluminescent detector
- thick-film bubble detector
- thin-film bubble detector
- threshold detector
- totally depleted semiconductor detector
- tracking detector
- transfer-impedance detector
- transition radiation detector
- transmission semiconductor detector
- traveling detector
- triangular phase detector
- triode detector
- tuned detector
- ultrasonic detector
- ultrasonic flaw detector
- vacuum-leak detector
- vibration detector
- video detector
- voice detector
- voice activity detector
- voiced-unvoiced detector
- voltage limit detector
- wide-field detector
- zero-crossing detector
- 2π-radiation detector
- 4π-radiation detector -
8 detector
1) обнаружитель2) детектор; демодулятор•- 4π radiation detector
- acoustic bubble detector
- acquisition and tracking detector
- activation detector
- active bubble detector
- air pollution detector
- amplifying semiconductor detector
- amplitude detector
- amplitude-sensitive area detector
- analog detector
- anode detector
- anode-bend detector
- average detector
- badge-detector
- balance detector
- balanced detector
- baseband detector
- beat-note detector
- boron-coated semiconductor detector
- boxcar detector
- break-in detector
- bridge detector
- broad-band detector
- bubble detector
- bubble stretching detector
- capacitance-operated intrusion detector
- Cerenkov detector
- charge detector
- charge emission detector
- chevron expander detector
- Chinese letter bubble detector
- cloud-height detector
- coherent detector
- coincidence detector
- color phase detector
- compensated semiconductor detector
- contact detector
- correlation detector
- crack detector
- cross-correlation detector
- cross-tie/Bloch-llne detector
- crystal conduction detector
- crystal detector
- current-leak detector
- difference detector
- differential dE/dx semiconductor detector
- differential null detector
- diffused junction semiconductor detector
- diode detector
- Doppler detector
- double-tuned detector
- driving-point impedance detector
- dropout detector
- edge detector
- electrode cable detector
- electrolytic detector
- electromagnetic crack detector
- enhancement/thresholding edge detector
- envelope detector
- error detector
- feature detector
- fine tracking detector
- first detector
- flaw detector
- fluorescent radiation detector
- flux transition detector
- FM detector
- Foster-Seeley detector
- frequency detector
- frequency-difference detector
- galvanomagnetic bubble detector
- gamma-ray detector
- gas detector
- gas flow radiation detector
- gate detector
- gated optical detector
- gated-beam tube detector
- glass detector
- glow discharge detector
- go-no-go detector
- grid detector
- grid-leak detector
- ground detector
- heat detector
- heterodyne detector
- high-level detector
- hot-carrier detector
- hot-electron detector
- humidity detector
- inductive loop bubble detector
- infinite-impedance detector
- infrared detector
- infrared heterodyne detector
- in-phase detector
- input detector
- in-range frequency detector
- interference detector
- interfinger detector
- internal gas detector
- intruder detector
- ionization detector
- Josephson-effect detector
- klystron detector
- large-signal detector
- laser radiation detector
- leak detector
- light detector
- light-sensitive detector
- linear detector
- liquid-crystal area detector
- liquid-evaporation light detector
- lithium-coated semiconductor detector
- lithium-drifted semiconductor detector
- locked-oscillator detector
- low-level detector
- magnetic airborne detector
- magnetic flaw detector
- magnetic tunable detector
- magnetic-bubble detector
- magnetooptical bubble detector
- magnetoresistive bubble detector
- magnetostrictive-piezoelectric bubble detector
- maser detector
- mask edge detector
- maximum-likelihood detector
- metal detector
- microwave detector
- middle-infrared detector
- missing-pulse detector
- mixer detector
- mixer-first detector
- mosaic detector
- movement detector
- moving-target detector
- moving-window detector
- narrow-band detector
- narrow-field-detector
- nonlinear detector
- null detector
- null-point detector
- optical detector
- optical heterodyne detector
- oscillator-mixer-first detector
- parallel diode detector
- passive bubble detector
- peak detector
- PEM detector
- phase detector
- phase-discriminating detector
- phase-frequency detector
- phase-lock detector
- phase-sensitive detector
- photoconductive detector
- photodielectric detector
- photoelectric detector
- photoelectromagnetic detector
- photoemissive detector
- photoluminescence detector
- photon detector
- photoparametric detector
- photovoltaic detector
- pitch detector
- plate detector
- plate-circuit detector
- pneumatic detector
- position-sensitive detector
- power detector
- presence detector
- primary detector
- proximity detector
- pulse detector
- push-pull detector
- pyroelectric detector
- quadrature detector
- quadrature-grid FM detector
- quasi-peak detector
- radiac detector
- radiation detector
- radio-frequency metal detector
- radiometric detector
- ratio detector
- recycling detector
- regenerative detector
- remote detector
- resistance temperature detector
- resistance thermal detector
- resistance thermometer detector
- ringing detector
- rms detector
- root-mean-square detector
- sampling phase detector
- sawtooth phase detector
- scintillation detector
- second detector
- secondary emission detector
- seismic detector
- selective detector
- self-powered neutron detector
- self-quenched detector
- self-quenching detector
- semiconductor detector
- serpentine bubble detector
- sign detector
- signal detector
- signal quality detector
- silence detector
- slope detector
- small-signal detector
- smoke detector
- solid-state detector
- spark detector
- speech detector
- spread-spectrum detector
- square-law detector
- standing-wave detector
- superconducting magnetic flux detector
- superregenerative detector
- suppressed-carrier signal detector
- surface-barrier semiconductor detector
- switch detector
- synchronous detector
- thallium-activated sodium iodide detector
- thermal detector
- thermal-type infrared detector
- thermionic detector
- thermoluminescent detector
- thick-film bubble detector
- thin-film bubble detector
- threshold detector
- totally depleted semiconductor detector
- tracking detector
- transfer-impedance detector
- transition radiation detector
- transmission semiconductor detector
- traveling detector
- triangular phase detector
- triode detector
- tuned detector
- ultrasonic detector
- ultrasonic flaw detector
- vacuum-leak detector
- vibration detector
- video detector
- voice activity detector
- voice detector
- voiced-unvoiced detector
- voltage limit detector
- wide-field detector
- zero-crossing detectorThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > detector
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